Chung, Y. Barry et al. (1996). "Factors Predicting the Educational and Career Aspirations of Black College Freshmen." Journal of Career Development, 23 (2): 127-135.

Results of the Cooperative Institutional Research Program Freshman Survey completed by 320 black college freshmen showed that males had lower educational aspirations; higher educational aspirations were predicted by lower estimate of social competence, higher value on career autonomy, and lack of financial resources. Higher career aspirations were predicted among other things, by fathers' higher socioeconomic status, more liberal attitudes, and more time studying. (SK)